Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To Warn When Dealing With Dangerous Clients Essays

Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To Warn When Dealing With Dangerous Clients Essays Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To Warn When Dealing With Dangerous Clients Essay Duty To Protect Vs. Duty To Warn When Dealing With Dangerous Clients Essay About every mental wellness professional has faced the hard undertaking of holding a client at one clip or another that may present a danger to themselves or person else. This state of affairs can show a struggle at times for healers and others who are torn between continuing client confidentiality and protecting others from possible injury. Fortunately, there are legal processs in topographic point for covering with this sort of quandary. The downside to this, nevertheless, is that the legal guidelines are non ever the same in each legal power. Being cognizant of the specific methods for and legal duties for covering with these sorts of state of affairss within each specific province is the duty of the practician, and can be hard for healers who may pattern in more than one province or who relocate their offices from one province to another after a period of clip. However, cognizing a small spot of background about the responsibility to warn and the responsibility to protect and the instances that led to the infliction of these legal responsibilities can assist steer healers and other mental wellness professionals in implementing ethical schemes for covering with these sorts of fortunes. The legal constructs of responsibility to warn and responsibility to protect were foremost introduced in 1976, with the instance of Tarasoff V. Regents of the University of California. This instance established that healers are obligated to inform an identified 3rd party of possible danger if a client indicates that he or she may harm another person. However, a big figure of provinces besides have a rigorous set of guidelines for put to deathing the responsibility to warn in that there must be grounds of the possibility of serious danger or injury, the injury is really likely to happen, and that the targeted person has been clearly identified. While the responsibility to warn refers specifically to advising a possible 3rd party of the at hand danger or injury, the responsibility to protect has broader deductions. With the responsibility of protect, which is an option merely in some provinces or legal powers, the healer still has the legal duty to protect a 3rd party from danger but can make so through a assortment of options such as hospitalization, more strict outpatient therapy, or other methods of intercession that still enable the healer to keep client confidentiality. While the responsibility to protect is a preferable method of covering with these sorts of state of affairss among mental wellness attention professionals, this signifier of statute law is merely in topographic point in 24 provinces, with an extra nine provinces runing under this responsibility due to imposed tribunal determinations in territory or regional tribunal systems. Exceptions to the responsibility to warn can be seen in a figure of cases when the general populace is concerned. In most state of affairss, healers are under no duty to warn the general populace about the hazard of danger from one person, even if a menace is noted. The deductions of this exclusion are peculiarly of importance when it comes to the menace of transmittal of HIV and other contractible diseases. In most provinces it is already illegal to knowingly infect another individual or group of people with HIV. However, healers are non lawfully obligated, and even discouraged from, warning the general populace about the hazard of transmittal of HIV from a wittingly septic client. In this case, client rights and confidentiality would predominate. Another case where the responsibility to warn and the responsibility to protect are of importance is when it comes to the menace of kid maltreatment. In many provinces, healers and other professionals are obligated to describe when a kid may be in danger or is being harmed, frequently without respect to client confidentiality or an duty to farther supply extra intercession or intervention to the client. However, the job that is seen in many provinces or state of affairss is that there are no clearly defined guidelines as to how terrible the injury has to be in order for a healer to transgress confidentiality. While most statute law specifies that there must be a clear and immediate danger, the definition of this can be construed otherwise by many people and at different times. For illustration, spanking could be perceived as some to be a clear and immediate danger to kids, while to others, the menace would hold to be much more terrible in order to go against client confidentiality i n favour of protecting a kid. While it is clear that there are many legal duties that healers have to warn others about possible dangers and to protect clients and others from injury when the demand arises, the trouble in put to deathing many of these responsibilities frequently lies in equivocal guidelines in many legal powers. Often, it is an ethical determination that each single practician must do based on their ain rules, the Torahs within their specific legal power, and their perceptual experience of the manner the jurisprudence is defined and the specific state of affairs.

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier

Outline Note Taking. Make Studying Easier It’s easy to reach information-overload at college, especially when the professor talks too fast, or when you are doing final preparations for an exam. To make things tougher your brain needs time to file the information for remembering later. This all adds up to the need to organize the data right from the beginning. Outline note taking is one way to achieve this. Look Through a Practical Example Let’s assume you would like to summarize â€Å"outline note taking† as a possible examination question, in which case you might set it out in layers like this. Notice the main thoughts are down the left hand margin, with the lowest levels at the far right. Let’s use the same outline for the rest of this blog to help you get a feel and cement your understanding. Introduction to Outline Note Taking Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to retrieve from memory later. The data could come from a lecture, a tutorial, a textbook, or your own ideas as you get to grip with a topic. Making summary notes is as old as written history, for example the hieroglyphics on Inca and Egyptian pyramid walls. The ancients did not have space to write everything down so they created symbols for the key concepts. Outline note taking at college has a related purpose. There is so much information coming out of class you don’t have time to write it down. If you did, how would you find it in a box full of notebooks and scraps of paper? It makes so much more sense to jot down the teacher’s thoughts in a logical set of headings. That way, you can concentrate on what they are saying. Outline note taking is also a great way to summarize a chapter in a textbook so you get to see the bigger picture, and understand the overall message. How This Method Works Use a pencil and have an eraser handy because you are going to make changes throughout the process. You need to separate the main topic from the lower order ones. This is not always as easy as it seems. For example, the lecturer’s thinking may not be logical from your perspective, or the textbook chapter not directly related to your major. Most students put the key thoughts on the left and the minor ones to the right. This is entirely a matter of choice and you can do this the other way around or from top to bottom if you like. Whichever way you go it is important to use a separator between the words and phrases, so you know where one ends and the next one begins. I used a grid. Bullets, numbers, highlighter colors are equally good. Practical Application of Outline Note Taking Capturing key thoughts in the appropriate boxes is the secret to outline note taking that works. For example, if your teacher says, â€Å"Today we are going to discuss the political implications of the Civil War† you could outline it this way: There are no model answers. What works for you is right. As long as you are flexible, are not hogtied to an early idea and keep that eraser handy, you will do fine and get your mind around outline note taking soon. The words in the titles are incredibly important because they trigger your memory later of the details you are summarizing. If you are a history student, then ‘U.S. Civil War’ could be advisable. Which do you think is best: consequences, penalties or implications? This is not just semantics. Outline note taking is about words and their meanings. You may find it helpful to use ‘cue words’ as further memory triggers where the outline titles are broad. Here’s a worked example to illustrate what we mean. Again, these are just loose thoughts. Do you remember the definition earlier? Outline note taking is a study method that uses an outline to logically structure a block of information, and make the details easier to remember later. So next time you do your homework, try taking notes the outline way. See for yourself how useful that will be.

Strategy Plan for Ikea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Plan for Ikea - Research Paper Example The new invented idea grew up very well compared to other companies whereby they used emails in giving orders. Giving orders by mail help them sell more than they used to do there earlier. The main challenges faced by the company were generating awareness in new countries, being able to make target ,ensuring the company do not go at a loss, creating new customers and ways of getting them, other competitor selling the same product at a cheaper price and getting new employee who is willing to comply with the company rule. Generating awareness in a new a country is a very expensive task whereby you need unique techniques to make the community or the different tribe to know IKEA company and know the product sold by it. The methods that used in most of the time were quite expensive. The mostly used methods used were tv and radio advertisements, sending marketers to the markets to do the market one on one with the customers or the buyers in the community and by putting billboards and posters around the urban areas. In different countries they speak different language whereby they had to train an employee who have been working for the company for several years and a person who is experience and know the products well and make the person know to read, write and speak the foreign language. The idea will help the company be able to venture into the new country and do the marketing. The decision is perilous whereby the company could just trust the employees trained the new foreign language that they are doing the right thing (Kim and Mauborgne 1). In this case the senior management in Sweden did not know what was happening in the foreign country and the could wait until the sales and this is the time they get an explicit feedback if the markets have done a smart job or not. New employees have to be employed with a nationality of the country, at least to have people who have the foreign language as their mother tongue. This was to ensure that the marketers will

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Scenarios in World War II Japan - Essay Example For the first six months the Japanese advance was virtually invincible: Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, Java and the Indies, the Philippines, Burma and the Andaman Islands, New Britain and the Solomons all fell to Japanese arms. However, a grave miscalculation of the spirit and resources of the nation's principal enemies had been committed by the Japanese leaders. Allied submarines, US island-hopping strategy and superior fire-power led to a reversal of Japan's position. From mid-1944 the fate turned against Japan. By mid-1945 military collapse was about to happen. When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the summer of 1945, a complete collapse of the empire and surrender ensued. A military occupation, chiefly by US forces, lasted from 1945 to 1952. In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution under US direction, renouncing war, granting basic human rights, and declaring Japan a democracy (O'Brien, 2000). US General Douglas MacArthur represented all the Allies in Japan after its defeat, but the occupation was nevertheless an almost exclusively US undertaking and to a very great extent MacArthur took his own decisions, without direct reference to Washington. He rejected the view that the Japanese would be better off without the age-old institution of the monarchy.

Conservation of momentum. (lab report) Lab Report

Conservation of momentum. ( ) - Lab Report Example Conclusion gave information concerning the realization of the intended purpose of the entire experiment as per the relayed hypothesis, which is in the introduction section. Introduction Information or data obtained after the commencement of this experiment will be essential in determining the extent and effect of conservation laws. This was via utilizing effects of collision prior to and afterwards and encompassed measuring respective quantities of kinetic energies of the involved bodies. The apparatus used for this purpose was Ballistic pendulum and a ball propelled horizontally on a flat surface to hit a stationery pendulum at a certain velocity. Data taking was before and after collision, which were essential in drawing intended comparisons regarding momentum conservation. This is by taking Kinetic energies of the colliding body with that which is stationary to help in drawing conclusion regarding their respective conditions or states both before and after collision has taken plac e. Theoretical hypothesis in this experiment encompassed preservation of a moving body’s total momentum except in the case of interruption by an external force. Therefore, kinetic energy data obtained prior to and after collision entailed to affirm conservation principles of linear momentum. Essential equations that were in use for this experiment include, 1. Initial velocity: Vi = d/t 2. Initial kinetic energy: KEi =1/2mvi2 3. Initial Momentum: Pi =mvi 4. Final velocity: Vf =v2gR (1-Cos?) 5. Final Kinetic Energy: KEf = ?(M+m) vf2 6. Final Momentum: Pf = (m + M)vf Procedures 1. Initial step encompassed taking measurements of, Mass of the ball Mass of pendulum Pendulum’s radius starting from its pivotal point towards the mass’ center 2. Then the positioning or setting up of the photogate followed but after removal of pendulum from apparatus that was in front of the propelling launcher. 3. There was opening of convenient data collection tool in a computer whose ro le encompassed recording results for easy evaluation, comparison and computations. 4. Then loading of plastic ball into the ballistic pendulum took place. 5. In this step, it entailed measuring distance starting from outer edge of one photogate eye to the second photogate eye then followed by recording the data, which was the first trial. 6. The practical part of the experiment commenced with firing of ball via the photogate assembly and then taking the amount of time it took to go through the photogate for each trial. In addition, there was also taking of distance measurements separating photogate eyes for each trial because it they were subject to change after each propelling trial of the ball. 7. After the sixth step, the obtained data of time in seconds and distances in meters were essential in calculating respective velocities for each trial coupled with tabulating the data in the results’ tables. There was also the need of computing overall mean velocity for the ten tri als as well as standard deviation for each propelling time of the ball. 8. The already obtained data (mean velocity) of the ten trials its purpose was to calculate initial kinetic energy and momentum with the aid of equations (2) and (3). 9. After the first experiment section, there was dissembling of photogate and mounting of pendulum in such a way it swung freely. This is by ensuring once

Introduction In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Introduction In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Nowadays, due to technology in the hospitality industry improvement has been seen in all departments of the hotel service. In hospitality industry due to the latest trend of KONEKT V4 application we would reach through the customer in one click. The one more application is Dash Board application in which the customer can tell the name and number and to make their table reserved. And also by using Google, Iphone, Ipad system customer sitting at home can search any hotels, restaurant and resorts in which they can make their booking in advance. Due to increase in hotel industry managers lower their prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and rise during peak demands. In future hotel industry will focus on emotional and psychological needs. Medium sized hotels will merge with five star or seven star grading hotels. Another trends will be fusion cuisine where there is a mixture of eastern food with westerns ones to impress the public with new experiences. All managers have the responsibilities to understand human resources. They are also responsible to implement strategies, plans and motivate people to meet objectives of the organization. They are responsible to analysis data and make decision that benefits the company. The economic environment is very unpredictable and implementing change processes for each organization to make progress. Globalization and technology are the two main factors that drove the change in todays organizations. . In todays world to succeed in businesses become stronger, more flexible and customer-oriented. Staff turnover is a serious for manager in the hotel especially if u have to give the consistent service. The goal of our hotel is on exceptional customer service that will exceed customer expectations. The nature of the service, strategies for improvement, and understand the customers perception of having that is very popular among researchers over the past two decades (for examples, leonard and sasser, 1982; lockwood, 1996; johns and lee-ross, 1998). Increases the other hand, the growing economic importance of the service sector in many countries has been in quality initiatives including guided centrally based European Foundation for Quality Management. Many hospitality, tourism organization have taken this challenge focuses on customer orientation employee performance in the interface, the recognition of the centrality of meeting service (Breen and Liddy, 1998). By this definition, customer / employee interviews have the potential for conflicts. In a service context that feeling cannot be met exactly, but it provides a cautionary note for Service Manager, because the customers perception of product quality connection often depends on the interaction between customers and employees. The hotel has a very long history, but not as we know it today, back in the 6th Century began to develop BC, when the first inn in and around the city of London. The first match for travelers, offering them a simple roof to stay. This condition of the hotel was long before the industrial revolution in England, the new ideas and developments made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in the field to keep the inn. The invention of the steam engine to travel even more important. Who had more and more people are traveling not only for business but also for the sake of recreation. This will lead to the actual development of the hotel industry, as we know it today. Hotel today not only provide the basic needs of customers, such as food and shelter much more personalized services such as hotels, etc. are now a home away from home. There is evidence of the hotels and restaurants, since biblical times, when Mary and Joseph arrived in Bethlehem collected during the census. As shown in the Bible, Mary and Joseph had accommodation as it is. There is no room in the inn Since the beginning of time, people have traveled for business, religion, immigration, health, education, and recreation. As Texas Tech University, the mention of hospitality from the Latin root word meaning host or hospice. The University is also noted that the first hotel except private homes open to the public. Most, unfortunately, had a bad reputation. Under the influence of the Roman Empire and breakfast and hotels to satisfy the pleasure traveler began in an attempt to encourage visitors. The pressure was recorded in America in 1607 and paved the way for the first time many other things in the hospitality industry. The hotel is the first of the public (City Hotel), owned by New York opened in 1792. (Buffalo Statler. 1908.) Change in the hospitality industry, which has made it more practical and functional in the world! Types of services and facilities that are offered by the major industry and has emerged from the past decade. All this is possible thanks to the spread of technology, eco-friendly services, prices, market department, regional preferences, etc. in the field of technology and hospitality to strengthen in the years to come. The use of technology is present in each department of the hotel, the services offered by the update. Keeping the entire latest trend in the memory of the hospitality industry, KONEKT V4 application that you would definitely want to explore. This is the application that will help you reach your customers in one click. The main attraction is the dashboard application. Is an unconventional marketing tracker is sensitive facts giving minute to give you the latest campaigns and activities conducted by you. The time, name and number of customers who liked your Facebook page, make your table reservation, you asked for any questions or comments about your application also can track comments on the same page! CRM systems can increase the advertising campaigns for events, and you can send newsletters to customers core and build your brand. This system helps in all the digital platform and database that can help in getting the more and more customer to generate the revenue this type of system are comfortable to integrate with the old database which can help in single database. It works perfectly with the iPhone and iPad systems. Constructed so as to make you lose any opinion or report, even when youre away! Travelers increasingly will turn to their mobile devices not only research accommodation and travel options, but to book and communicate directly with the hotel options. Booking mobile channel has been multiplied by four between 2008 and 2010 according to Forrester Research. Revenue management has changed since the days it was first introduced by the airline industry in 1970 to be a complex science today. Managers always lowering prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and prices have risen during periods of peak demand. Hotels are now able to update prices for all future arrival dates to meet the market demands every day, through the application of advanced market information. Travel Click has reported passenger demand and visualize group bookings a year in advance. In addition, the Smith Travel Research reports that will soon provide information by looking at future bookings, rather than historical figures that. (By Robert A. Rauch, CHA) .A capsule hotel is a type of hotel, developed in Japan, which is a large number of very small rooms (capsules) cheap and easy accommodation for guests who do not require offers the services of more conventional hotel services offered. A condo hotel, also known as the hotel-condo or a Condotel, is a building used as a hotel and two condominium. Condo hotels are usually high-rise buildings developed and operated as luxury hotels in major cities and resorts in general. These residential units which allow someone to have a holiday full service. Ice hotel is also a great example of todays hospitality innovation. An ice hotel is generally made up of snow, sculpted blocks of ice, and, in some cases, some steel from these type hotels are generally sponsored by a single owner and feature a luxuries facilities to the traveler who are interested in unique novelties and unusual Environment and thus are in the class of destination hotels. A lobby is often filled with ice sculptures, and food and beverages specially chosen for the circumstances. A Turbaza is, generally the Soviet era, the Russian form of cheap, spartan, holiday, a visit or a base camp tour. Turbazas are generally rented to groups or companies who rent the entire facility for holiday accommodation Oops for their members or employees. They are gene rally rustic located in rural areas that offer outdoor recreation. Eat, sleep, and often is housed in a large open space and common. Gueridon a form of service in restaurants food service to their customers is provided. This type of service includes the preparation of food (mainly salads, main dishes such as beef stroganoff, or desserts) in direct view of the customer, with a round table. A table usually consists of a trolley equipped for cooking, preparing and serving food. There is a gas stove, cutting board, cutlery drawer, cold room region and for general working capital. The hotel industry is in the midst of a transformation that affects virtually all aspects of the industry and its stakeholders. Essences the transformation of the hotel industry is changing its approach to concentrate more focused on the customer and brand incentive. Product and support services are developed around the perceived needs and desires of the customer for customer satisfaction. In the future, the focus will be customer focused to a level that transcends medical examinations. It will focus on the emotional and psychological needs and wants more precisely defined target audience. Hotels then use this knowledge to market a wide range of products and services through strong brands to a loyal customer for life. Some ramifications of changes will be made as reserves, trading activities and high taste information will be more automated. There will be a greater personal guest of technology accurate and fast service. Medium sized hotels will be taken by brand chain like the Sheraton, Holiday Inn, Ramada, etc. while location will be the priority to choose a hotel by future traveler, brand names will be the next preference. Another aspect of future trends would be fusion of cuisines. The French started this trend with the Nouvelle Cuisine mixing eastern food products with western ones. Fusions restaurant will grow as the new adventurous public will search for new gastronomic experiences. (Sudhir Andrews, 2009) In the hotel managers are responsible for all management of human resources, or as appropriate, all managers have the responsibility to understand their human resources. When providing services to our clients, our primary resource is our people, our workers, our employees. Successful hospitality managers must be able to work with people. We need to develop guidance of people in our management approach. As a manager with responsibilities for human resources, your concern is that people of their needs, wants, and desires fit the needs and desires of the hotel company. We define managers as the implementation of strategies, plans and programs to attract, motivate, develop, reward and retain the best people to meet the objectives of the organization. Mike Hurst also emphasizes the role of management changes over management in the past and in conduit. The hospitality is based on the gift of friendship friendly people who care; it has become imperative in a service management concentrate on the benefits to the people and his style. The managers of today have earned a place of respect for their contribution to organizational value. The contemporary role of managers with the human resources responsibilities is a critical one to any hospitality organization. Most of the people spends more than one-third of their waking hours at their jobs, and as a manager you will make the decision that affects and influence the lives, dreams, goals and ambitions of these individual and their families. Manager in the hospitality industry participate in strategic planning sessions, understand financial documents relating to the work and the bottom line. Many managers in the host organization is part of the management team. The managers role is more important than ever before in the hospitality industry. It is up to us to keep management informed of what their needs and desires of people to be productive, and to be faithful. (Mary L. Tanke, 2000) The globalization of labor and continuing advances in technology are changing the way the labor market. Knowledge workers are known for their special properties. These are people who analyze, synthesize and evaluate information to solve different problems. Knowledge workers actually use their intelligence, ideas, products, services and processes to implement. Youre most important asset of an organization is its ability to collect and analyze data and make decisions that benefit company. (Jyothi, 2010) Technology has had a positive effect on the internal processes of an organization, but also changed the way the work of the HR staff. Some managers in the hospitality industry will see the application of technologies to operational issues as a problem. It is true that technological systems used in the bar, front office, restaurants, etc. much more advanced and complex than those currently available only for a short time, continue to grow, these systems quickly. The approval of the computer and other technologies from all levels of an organization is a major challenge in view of the sponsoring organizations. For example, if the systems are updated and new technologies have made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the workers struggle to adapt. (Hayes, 2009) The economic environment is very unpredictable and implementing change processes for each organization to make progress. Globalization and technology are the two main factors that drove the change in todays organizations. Globalization has opened new doors for business opportunities. It has led to many interventions, but also for how reform, reorganization, merger, downsizing, etc., in order to succeed, companies need to make these changes that have taken place with staff to manage the challenges occur. Change Management Sun is working smoothly for the vital organization. (Bohlander G. a., 2009) Due to the shortage of workers in the industry and the defection of customers of the quality of service that is affected. If the workload increases the performance of the employee moves. By too much work pressure, reduces the employees performance and, in turn, affects the quality of service. It is very important to overcome the various challenges faced by the organization to success. Company is now a day to develop the human resource functions, because the meaning of HRM has been seen in the highly competitive market that exists today. To succeed, businesses become stronger, more flexible and customer-oriented. Hr after for these changing market trends is adjusted. (Karan, 2009). Turnover of staff is vital to the hotel, especially if you have a high quality hotel as us. The goal of our hotel on outstanding customer service to exceed the expectations of customers, and therefore we are investing heavily in our people. High rate of staff turnover has an immediate impact in the hospitality industry, particularly in the areas of customer service, and we cannot afford to lose an employee. The rate of staff turnover in the hotel industry in general higher than in other sectors. (Jason C. Cho, 14 June 2011) The hotel industry has a high turnover, which decreases productivity and costs companies time and resources. A number of factors affect the fluctuation in the hotel and one of the reasons is ineffective in recruiting. Identify many hotels and difficult to recruit the right people. Hotel staff need advanced knowledge of beverages, which are difficult to measure for recruiters during the interview. However, recruiters develop recruitment strategies that will identify the best opportunities and recruit the best workers. Do you understand what a candidate looking at the recruitment stage can help the hotel staff turnover. (Rose Johnson, 2008) To overcome this turnover to keep in mind a bit. What help reduce turnover? Understanding why employees leave. Each organization should carry out a confidential interview face to face with the human resource managers (except the head). Benchmark your company against industry and current location. Set advanced development policies clear and transparent and fair. If an employee believes that they are not promoting their role and career development has no control, after a while you will start to look externally for new mail. Develop effective policies in the workplace and maintain a positive culture. In future there will be not much problems for managers and service due to the use of present technology. The main job of service manager is to understand the problems between customer and employee about services they give. There will be more and more modern equipment used in hotels which will decrease the training on kitchen manager and restaurant managers. Due to increase in hotel industry managers lower their prices to stimulate sales when demand is low and rise during peak demands. They are also responsible to implement strategies, plans and motivate people to meet objectives of the organization. They are responsible to analysis data and make decision that benefits the company. The hotel industry has a high turnover, which decreases productivity and costs companies time and resources.

Differences Between Bureaucrats And Aristocrats In Government :: essays research papers

Bureaucrats and aristocrats, the former evident in the government in the Tang dynasty (617-907) and the ladder pronoun in the government of Heian Japan. Both are different in many different aspects, such as within government, government structure, law, economy, and society.A bureaucrat can be defined by the following: an appointed government official with certain duties and responsibilities defined by disposition in the bureaucracy. A bureaucrat is more dependent on the government than an aristocrat because official power comes from official appointment through the bureaucracy (Class Lecture, Oct. 16, 97). Bureaucracy first replaced aristocracy in the Tang dynasty, under the rule of Empress Wu (625?-706?, r.690-706) bureaucracy was expanded by furthering expansion policies and supporting the examination system. Positions in government were filled through the examination system, and people who passed were called the literati. When one held this title of literati, you were considered intelligent and were considered to have high status (TA session, Oct. 28, 97). "They were a group of smart guys with a good education." (Steve, TA session, Oct. 28, 97). This of course deprived the hereditary aristocracy of power 'they had enjoyed during the period of division, when appointments had been made by recommendation, and opened government service to a somewhat wider class of people...' (Schirokauer, p.103). For the first time, men who entered office through examination could attain the highest office, even that of Chief Minister. Examination graduates earned (earn being the operative word) prestige, and even though officials still entered government by other means such as family connections, at the same time the literati and thus the bureaucrats were gaining authority, jurisdiction, and power. And thus, one could see this shifting of supremacy from the aristocracy to the bureaucracy.Government in the Tang dynasty was regulated by the Tang legal codes, a system of laws written by legalists which consisted of a system of rewards and severe punishments (TA session, Oct. 28, 97). These legal codes were administrative: reporting what the state could do and what the subjects could not do. This is an important point in that, this showed the subjects possessed little power, the Tang legal codes are the opposite of any laws of present day, these legal codes protected the government and not the people. Government needed the subjects only to provide for taxes (revenue), labour (grain) and military (soldiers) reasons. 'A dead subject was not as useful as a living subject.